11 （一一）增一经

Thus have I heard:

At one time, the Buddha was at Anāthapiṇḍada's Park in the Jeta Grove near Śrāvastī, together with a great assembly of 1,250 bhikṣus.

At that time, the World-Honored One addressed the bhikṣus, saying, "I will explain to you the subtle Dharma, with words of the upper, middle, and lower classes, all of which are completely true, with pure meaning and flavor, and complete in the practice of purity. It is called the Dharma of One Increase. Listen carefully and contemplate it well! I will explain it to you."

At that time, the bhikṣus accepted the teaching and listened. The Buddha told the bhikṣus, "The Dharma of One Increase refers to the Dharma of One Accomplishment, the Dharma of One Cultivation, the Dharma of One Awakening, the Dharma of One Cessation, and the Dharma of One Realization. What is the Dharma of One Accomplishment? It means not abandoning the good Dharma. What is the Dharma of One Cultivation? It means always contemplating one's own body. What is the Dharma of One Awakening? It means contact with the contaminated. What is the Dharma of One Cessation? It means having the conceit of self. What is the Dharma of One Realization? It means the liberation of the mind free from obstruction.

There are also the Dharma of Two Accomplishments, the Dharma of Two Cultivations, the Dharma of Two Awakenings, the Dharma of Two Cessations, and the Dharma of Two Realizations. What are the Dharma of Two Accomplishments? They are knowing shame and knowing modesty. What are the Dharma of Two Cultivations? They are tranquility and insight. What are the Dharma of Two Awakenings? They are name and form. What are the Dharma of Two Cessations? They are ignorance and craving for existence. What are the Dharma of Two Realizations? They are wisdom and liberation.

There are also the Dharma of Three Accomplishments, the Dharma of Three Cultivations, the Dharma of Three Awakenings, the Dharma of Three Cessations, and the Dharma of Three Realizations. What are the Dharma of Three Accomplishments? They are associating with good friends, hearing the Dharma with the ears, and accomplishing the Dharma. What are the Dharma of Three Cultivations? They are the three samadhis: the samadhi of emptiness, the samadhi of signlessness, and the samadhi of wishlessness. What are the Dharma of Three Awakenings? They are the three feelings: the feeling of suffering, the feeling of pleasure, and the feeling of neither suffering nor pleasure. What are the Dharma of Three Cessations? They are the three kinds of craving: craving for desire, craving for existence, and craving for non-existence. What are the Dharma of Three Realizations? They are the three kinds of wisdom: the wisdom of knowing past lives, the wisdom of the divine eye, and the wisdom of the exhaustion of taints.

There are also the Dharma of Four Accomplishments, the Dharma of Four Cultivations, the Dharma of Four Awakenings, the Dharma of Four Cessations, and the Dharma of Four Realizations. What are the Dharma of Four Accomplishments? They are dwelling in a central land, associating with good friends, being self-restrained, and having planted good roots in the past. What are the Dharma of Four Cultivations? They are dwelling in the four foundations of mindfulness: a monk contemplates the body internally with diligence and mindfulness, abandoning worldly greed and sorrow; he contemplates the body externally with diligence and mindfulness, abandoning worldly greed and sorrow; he contemplates the body internally and externally with diligence and mindfulness, abandoning worldly greed and sorrow. The same is true for contemplating feelings, mind, and dharmas. What are the Dharma of Four Awakenings? They are the four kinds of food: solid food, contact food, intention food, and consciousness food. What are the Dharma of Four Cessations? They are the four kinds of feelings: the feeling of desire, the feeling of self, the feeling of precepts, and the feeling of views. What are the Dharma of Four Realizations? They are the four fruits of the religious life: the fruit of stream-entry, the fruit of once-returning, the fruit of non-returning, and the fruit of arahantship.

There are also the Dharma of Five Accomplishments, the Dharma of Five Cultivations, the Dharma of Five Awakenings, the Dharma of Five Cessations, and the Dharma of Five Realizations. What are the Dharma of Five Accomplishments? They are the five factors of cessation: believing in the Buddha, the Tathāgata, the Perfectly Enlightened One, endowed with the ten titles; being free from illness, with a body always at ease; being straightforward without flattery, truly following the path to the Tathāgata's nirvāṇa; concentrating the mind without distraction, reciting and not forgetting; being skilled in observing the arising and cessation of dharmas, ending the root of suffering through the practices of the sages. What are the Dharma of Five Cultivations? They are the five faculties: the faculty of faith, the faculty of diligence, the faculty of mindfulness, the faculty of concentration, and the faculty of wisdom. What are the Dharma of Five Awakenings? They are the five aggregates of grasping: the aggregate of form, the aggregates of feeling, perception, formation, and consciousness. What are the Dharma of Five Cessations? They are the five hindrances: the hindrance of sensual desire, the hindrance of ill will, the hindrance of sloth and torpor, the hindrance of restlessness and remorse, and the hindrance of doubt. What are the Dharma of Five Realizations? They are the five aggregates of the non-learner: the aggregate of non-learner precepts, the aggregate of non-learner concentration, the aggregate of wisdom, the aggregate of liberation, and the aggregate of the knowledge and vision of liberation.

There are also the Dharma of Six Accomplishments, the Dharma of Six Cultivations, the Dharma of Six Awakenings, the Dharma of Six Cessations, and the Dharma of Six Realizations. What are the Dharma of Six Accomplishments? They are the six layers of the Dharma. If a bhikṣu cultivates the six layers of the Dharma, he is respected and honored, harmonious in the community, without disputes, and practices alone without mixing. What are the six? Here, a bhikṣu always practices loving-kindness with the body and cultivates the brahma-conduct, abiding in a loving mind. This is called the weighty Dharma, respected and honored, harmonious in the community, without disputes, and practicing alone without mixing. Furthermore, a bhikṣu practices loving-kindness with the mouth and mind, and shares his own offerings and leftovers in his bowl with others, without any discrimination. Furthermore, a bhikṣu practices the precepts of the sages, without violating or defiling them, praised by the wise, fully upholding the precepts, accomplishing the noble path of transcendence, equally ending suffering, with right view and all the brahma-conduct. This is called the weighty Dharma, respected and honored, harmonious in the community, without disputes, and practicing alone without mixing.

What are the Dharma of Six Cultivations? They are the six recollections: recollection of the Buddha, recollection of the Dharma, recollection of the Saṃgha, recollection of precepts, recollection of generosity, and recollection of the devas. What are the Dharma of Six Awakenings? They are the six internal sense bases: the sense base of the eye, the sense base of the ear, the sense base of the nose, the sense base of the tongue, the sense base of the body, and the sense base of the mind. What are the Dharma of Six Cessations? They are the six kinds of craving: craving for form, craving for sound, craving for smell, craving for taste, craving for touch, and craving for dharmas. What are the Dharma of Six Realizations? They are the six supernormal powers: realization of the supernormal power of spiritual faculties, realization of the supernormal power of divine hearing, realization of the supernormal power of knowing others' minds, realization of the supernormal power of recollecting past lives, realization of the supernormal power of the divine eye, and realization of the supernormal power of the exhaustion of taints.

There are also the Dharma of Seven Accomplishments, the Dharma of Seven Cultivations, the Dharma of Seven Awakenings, the Dharma of Seven Cessations, and the Dharma of Seven Realizations. What are the Dharma of Seven Accomplishments? They are the seven treasures: the treasure of faith, the treasure of precepts, the treasure of shame, the treasure of conscience, the treasure of learning, the treasure of generosity, and the treasure of wisdom. These are the seven treasures. What are the Dharma of Seven Cultivations? They are the seven factors of awakening. Here, a bhikṣu cultivates the factor of awakening of mindfulness, based on non-desire, based on tranquility, based on detachment, cultivates the factor of awakening of investigation of phenomena, cultivates the factor of awakening of energy, cultivates the factor of awakening of joy, cultivates the factor of awakening of tranquility, cultivates the factor of awakening of concentration, cultivates the factor of awakening of equanimity, based on non-desire, based on tranquility, based on detachment.

What are the Dharma of Seven Awakenings? They are the seven abodes of consciousness: there are sentient beings with various bodies and various perceptions, such as humans and devas. This is the first abode of consciousness. There are also sentient beings with various bodies but one perception, such as the devas of the first heaven of Brahmā. This is the second abode of consciousness. There are also sentient beings with one body and various perceptions, such as the devas of the second heaven of Brahmā. This is the third abode of consciousness. There are also sentient beings with one body and one perception, such as the devas of the third heaven of Brahmā. This is the fourth abode of consciousness. There are also sentient beings abiding in the sphere of infinite space, which is the fifth abode of consciousness. Or abiding in the sphere of infinite consciousness, which is the sixth abode of consciousness. Or abiding in the sphere of nothingness, which is the seventh abode of consciousness.

What are the Dharma of Seven Cessations? They are the seven afflictions: the affliction of desire, the affliction of existence, the affliction of views, the affliction of pride, the affliction of anger, the affliction of ignorance, and the affliction of doubt. What are the Dharma of Seven Realizations? They are the seven powers of the exhaustion of taints. Here, a bhikṣu who has exhausted the taints truly knows and sees all suffering, origination, cessation, taste, danger, and exit. He views desire as a pit of fire and also as a sword. Knowing desire and seeing desire, he is not attached to desire and his mind does not dwell in desire. He further observes well and truly knows and sees. In the world, the unwholesome dharmas of desire and evil do not arise and do not leak out. He cultivates the four foundations of mindfulness, cultivates them much and practices them much, the five faculties, five powers, seven factors of awakening, and the eightfold noble path, cultivates them much and practices them much.

There are also eight accomplished dharmas, eight cultivated dharmas, eight awakened dharmas, eight extinguished dharmas, and eight realized dharmas. What are the eight accomplished dharmas? They are the eight causes and conditions. One has not yet attained the holy life but gains wisdom, and after attaining the holy life, wisdom increases. What are the eight? Here, a bhikṣu abides in dependence on the World-Honored One, or on an elder teacher, or on a wise practitioner of the holy life. He gives rise to a sense of shame and respect, and has affection and reverence. This is the first cause and condition. One has not yet attained the holy life but gains wisdom, and after attaining the holy life, wisdom increases. Furthermore, abiding in dependence on the World-Honored One, one asks about the meaning of the Dharma at the right time: "What is the meaning of this Dharma, and what is its purport?" The elder teacher then explains the profound meaning. This is the second cause and condition. Having heard the Dharma, one delights in the tranquility of body and mind. This is the third cause and condition. Not engaging in talk that obstructs the path and is of no benefit, one goes to the assembly and either preaches the Dharma oneself or requests others to preach. One still does not abandon the noble silence. This is the fourth cause and condition. Being learned and erudite, one upholds and does not forget the profound and subtle dharmas, the good of the upper, middle, and lower levels, the true meaning and taste, and the complete holy life. Having heard, one enters the mind and sees without being moved. This is the fifth cause and condition. Cultivating diligently, one extinguishes unwholesome practices and wholesome practices increase day by day. One strives and is capable, not abandoning these dharmas. This is the sixth cause and condition. Furthermore, with wisdom, one knows the arising and ceasing dharmas, and the noble path that can exhaust the suffering of the five aggregates. This is the seventh cause and condition. Furthermore, one observes the arising and ceasing of the five aggregates. This form, the arising and ceasing of form. This feeling, perception, formation, and consciousness, the arising and ceasing of consciousness. This is the eighth cause and condition. One has not yet attained the holy life but gains wisdom, and after attaining the holy life, wisdom increases.

What are the eight cultivated dharmas? They are the eightfold noble path: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. What are the eight awakened dharmas? They are the eight worldly dharmas: gain and loss, slander and praise, fame and disgrace, suffering and happiness. What are the eight extinguished dharmas? They are the eight wrongnesses: wrong view, wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, and wrong concentration. What are the eight realized dharmas? They are the eight liberations: observing forms while having form, the first liberation. Internally having no form perception, externally observing forms, the second liberation. The liberation of purity, the third liberation. Transcending form perception, extinguishing ill-will perception, abiding in the space element, the fourth liberation. Transcending the space element, abiding in the consciousness element, the fifth liberation. Transcending the consciousness element, abiding in the element of nothingness, the sixth liberation. Transcending the element of nothingness, abiding in the element of neither perception nor non-perception, the seventh liberation. Transcending the element of neither perception nor non-perception, abiding in the cessation of perception and feeling, the eighth liberation.

There are also nine accomplished dharmas, nine cultivated dharmas, nine awakened dharmas, nine extinguished dharmas, and nine realized dharmas. What are the nine accomplished dharmas? They are the nine pure branches of extinction: the pure branch of extinction of precepts, the pure branch of extinction of mind, the pure branch of extinction of views, the pure branch of extinction of transcending doubt, the pure branch of extinction of discrimination, the pure branch of extinction of the path, the pure branch of extinction of elimination, the pure branch of extinction of desirelessness, and the pure branch of extinction of liberation. What are the nine cultivated dharmas? They are the nine bases of joy: joy, love, delight, pleasure, concentration, true knowledge, abandonment, desirelessness, and liberation. What are the nine awakened dharmas? They are the nine abodes of sentient beings: some sentient beings have various bodies and various perceptions, such as gods and humans, which is the first abode of sentient beings. Some sentient beings have various bodies but one perception, such as the gods of Brahma's radiance at the initial time of birth, which is the second abode of sentient beings. Some sentient beings have one body and various perceptions, such as the gods of radiant sound, which is the third abode of sentient beings. Some sentient beings have one body and one perception, such as the gods of universal purity, which is the fourth abode of sentient beings. Without thought, without perception, without knowledge, such as the gods of the formless realm of nothingness, which is the fifth abode of sentient beings. Again, there are sentient beings who abide in the sphere of space, which is the sixth abode of sentient beings. Again, there are sentient beings who abide in the sphere of consciousness, which is the seventh abode of sentient beings. Again, there are sentient beings who abide in the sphere of nothingness, which is the eighth abode of sentient beings. Again, there are sentient beings who abide in the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception, which is the ninth abode of sentient beings.

What are the nine extinguished dharmas? They are the nine bases of craving: due to craving there is seeking, due to seeking there is gain, due to gain there is use, due to use there is desire, due to desire there is attachment, due to attachment there is jealousy, due to jealousy there is guarding, due to guarding there is protection. What are the nine realized dharmas? They are the nine exhaustions: entering the first dhyāna, the thorn of sound is extinguished. Entering the second dhyāna, the thorn of initial and sustained thought is extinguished. Entering the third dhyāna, the thorn of joy is extinguished. Entering the fourth dhyāna, the thorn of inhalation and exhalation is extinguished. Entering the sphere of space, the thorn of form perception is extinguished. Entering the sphere of consciousness, the thorn of space perception is extinguished. Entering the sphere of nothingness, the thorn of consciousness perception is extinguished. Entering the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception, the thorn of nothingness perception is extinguished. Entering the cessation of perception and feeling, the thorn of perception and feeling is extinguished.

There are also ten accomplished dharmas, ten cultivated dharmas, ten awakened dharmas, ten extinguished dharmas, and ten realized dharmas. What are the ten accomplished dharmas? They are the ten saving dharmas: first, a bhikṣu is fully endowed with the two hundred and fifty precepts and also fully endowed with deportment, seeing even minor faults he gives rise to great fear, equally studying the precepts, his mind is not inclined to evil. Second, he obtains good friends. Third, his speech is upright and he is very tolerant. Fourth, he delights in seeking good dharmas and distributes them without stinginess. Fifth, when the various virtuous practitioners have something to establish, he immediately goes to assist them and does not consider it troublesome. What is difficult to do, he is able to do, and also teaches others to do it. Sixth, he is learned, hears and is able to retain, never forgetting. Seventh, he is diligent, extinguishing unwholesome dharmas and increasing wholesome dharmas. Eighth, he always concentrates his thoughts, without any other thoughts, recollecting past good practices as if they were right before his eyes. Ninth, he is accomplished in wisdom, observing the arising and ceasing of dharmas, cutting off the root of suffering with the noble discipline. Tenth, he delights in seclusion, concentrating his thoughts and contemplating, without any playfulness in between the dhyānas.

"What are the ten cultivated dharmas? They are the ten right practices: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration, right liberation, and right wisdom. What are the ten awakened dharmas? They are the ten sense bases of form: the sense base of the eye, the sense base of the ear, the sense base of the nose, the sense base of the tongue, the sense base of the body, the sense base of form, the sense base of sound, the sense base of smell, the sense base of taste, and the sense base of touch. What are the ten extinguished dharmas? They are the ten wrong practices: wrong view, wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, wrong concentration, wrong liberation, and wrong wisdom. What are the ten realized dharmas? They are the ten unlearned dharmas: unlearned right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration, right liberation, and right wisdom. Bhikṣus! This is called the one increase dharma. I now explain this dharma for you. I, as the Tathāgata, have done all that should be done for the disciples. I have compassionately and earnestly instructed you. You should also diligently practice it. Bhikṣus! You should dwell in seclusion, under trees, in empty places, diligently sitting in meditation, not indulging yourselves. If you do not strive now, what benefit will there be in regretting it later? This is my teaching. You should diligently uphold it."

At that time, the bhikṣus heard what the Buddha said, and joyfully received and practiced it.